diff options
-rw-r--r-- | .luacheckrc | 4 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | core/moduleapi.lua | 45 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | core/statsmanager.lua | 204 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | plugins/mod_admin_shell.lua | 420 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | util/openmetrics.lua | 308 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | util/statistics.lua | 326 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | util/statsd.lua | 297 |
7 files changed, 1110 insertions, 494 deletions
diff --git a/.luacheckrc b/.luacheckrc index 43a508f8..680fb017 100644 --- a/.luacheckrc +++ b/.luacheckrc @@ -80,9 +80,7 @@ files["plugins/"] = { "module.log", "module.log_status", "module.measure", - "module.measure_event", - "module.measure_global_event", - "module.measure_object_event", + "module.metric", "module.open_store", "module.provides", "module.remove_item", diff --git a/core/moduleapi.lua b/core/moduleapi.lua index 82002737..59417027 100644 --- a/core/moduleapi.lua +++ b/core/moduleapi.lua @@ -510,26 +510,33 @@ end function api:measure(name, stat_type, conf) local measure = require "core.statsmanager".measure; - return measure(stat_type, "/"..self.host.."/mod_"..self.name.."/"..name, conf); -end - -function api:measure_object_event(events_object, event_name, stat_name) - local m = self:measure(stat_name or event_name, "times"); - local function handler(handlers, _event_name, _event_data) - local finished = m(); - local ret = handlers(_event_name, _event_data); - finished(); - return ret; + local fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value + if self.host ~= "*" then + fixed_label_key = "host" + fixed_label_value = self.host end - return self:hook_object_event(events_object, event_name, handler); -end - -function api:measure_event(event_name, stat_name) - return self:measure_object_event((hosts[self.host] or prosody).events.wrappers, event_name, stat_name); -end - -function api:measure_global_event(event_name, stat_name) - return self:measure_object_event(prosody.events.wrappers, event_name, stat_name); + -- new_legacy_metric takes care of scoping for us, as it does not accept + -- an array of labels + -- the prosody_ prefix is automatically added by statsmanager for legacy + -- metrics. + return measure(stat_type, "mod_"..self.name.."/"..name, conf, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) +end + +function api:metric(type_, name, unit, description, label_keys, conf) + local metric = require "core.statsmanager".metric; + local is_scoped = self.host ~= "*" + if is_scoped then + -- prepend `host` label to label keys if this is not a global module + local orig_labels = label_keys + label_keys = array { "host" } + label_keys:append(orig_labels) + end + local mf = metric(type_, "prosody_mod_"..self.name.."/"..name, unit, description, label_keys, conf) + if is_scoped then + -- make sure to scope the returned metric family to the current host + return mf:with_partial_label(self.host) + end + return mf end local status_priorities = { error = 3, warn = 2, info = 1, core = 0 }; diff --git a/core/statsmanager.lua b/core/statsmanager.lua index bca7510f..8323c160 100644 --- a/core/statsmanager.lua +++ b/core/statsmanager.lua @@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ local config = require "core.configmanager"; local log = require "util.logger".init("stats"); local timer = require "util.timer"; local fire_event = prosody.events.fire_event; +local array = require "util.array"; +local timed = require "util.openmetrics".timed; local stats_interval_config = config.get("*", "statistics_interval"); local stats_interval = tonumber(stats_interval_config); @@ -57,15 +59,149 @@ if stats == nil then log("error", "Error loading statistics provider '%s': %s", stats_provider, stats_err); end -local measure, collect; -local latest_stats = {}; -local changed_stats = {}; -local stats_extra = {}; +local measure, collect, metric, cork, uncork; if stats then - function measure(type, name, conf) - local f = assert(stats[type], "unknown stat type: "..type); - return f(name, conf); + function metric(type_, name, unit, description, labels, extra) + local registry = stats.metric_registry + local f = assert(registry[type_], "unknown metric family type: "..type_); + return f(registry, name, unit or "", description or "", labels, extra); + end + + local function new_legacy_metric(stat_type, name, unit, description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + local label_keys = array() + local conf = extra or {} + if fixed_label_key then + label_keys:push(fixed_label_key) + end + unit = unit or "" + local mf = metric(stat_type, "prosody_" .. name, unit, description, label_keys, conf); + if fixed_label_key then + mf = mf:with_partial_label(fixed_label_value) + end + return mf:with_labels() + end + + local function unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, type_, name, unit) + local description = extra and extra.description or "Legacy "..type_.." metric "..name + unit = extra and extra.unit or unit + return description, unit + end + + -- These wrappers provide the pre-OpenMetrics interface of statsmanager + -- and moduleapi (module:measure). + local legacy_metric_wrappers = { + amount = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + local initial = 0 + if type(extra) == "number" then + initial = extra + else + initial = extra and extra.initial or initial + end + local description, unit = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "amount", name) + + local m = new_legacy_metric("gauge", name, unit, description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) + m:set(initial or 0) + return function(v) + m:set(v) + end + end; + + counter = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + if type(extra) == "number" then + -- previous versions of the API allowed passing an initial + -- value here; we do not allow that anymore, it is not a thing + -- which makes sense with counters + extra = nil + end + + local description, unit = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "counter", name) + + local m = new_legacy_metric("counter", name, unit, description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) + m:set(0) + return function(v) + m:add(v) + end + end; + + rate = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + if type(extra) == "number" then + -- previous versions of the API allowed passing an initial + -- value here; we do not allow that anymore, it is not a thing + -- which makes sense with counters + extra = nil + end + + local description, unit = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "counter", name) + + local m = new_legacy_metric("counter", name, unit, description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) + m:set(0) + return function() + m:add(1) + end + end; + + times = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + local conf = {} + if extra and extra.buckets then + conf.buckets = extra.buckets + else + conf.buckets = { 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0 } + end + local description, _ = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "times", name) + + local m = new_legacy_metric("histogram", name, "seconds", description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, conf) + return function() + return timed(m) + end + end; + + sizes = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + local conf = {} + if extra and extra.buckets then + conf.buckets = extra.buckets + else + conf.buckets = { 1024, 4096, 32768, 131072, 1048576, 4194304, 33554432, 134217728, 1073741824 } + end + local description, _ = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "sizes", name) + + local m = new_legacy_metric("histogram", name, "bytes", description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, conf) + return function(v) + m:sample(v) + end + end; + + distribution = function(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + if type(extra) == "string" then + -- compat with previous API + extra = { unit = extra } + end + local description, unit = unwrap_legacy_extra(extra, "distribution", name, "") + local m = new_legacy_metric("summary", name, unit, description, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) + return function(v) + m:sample(v) + end + end; + }; + + -- Argument order switched here to support the legacy statsmanager.measure + -- interface. + function measure(stat_type, name, extra, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value) + local wrapper = assert(legacy_metric_wrappers[stat_type], "unknown legacy metric type "..stat_type) + return wrapper(name, fixed_label_key, fixed_label_value, extra) + end + + if stats.cork then + function cork() + return stats:cork() + end + + function uncork() + return stats:uncork() + end + else + function cork() end + function uncork() end end if stats_interval or stats_interval_config == "manual" then @@ -76,27 +212,23 @@ if stats then function collect() local mark_collection_done = mark_collection_start(); fire_event("stats-update"); + -- ensure that the backend is uncorked, in case it got stuck at + -- some point, to avoid infinite resource use + uncork() mark_collection_done(); + local manual_result = nil - if stats.get_stats then + if stats.metric_registry then + -- only if supported by the backend, we fire the event which + -- provides the current metric values local mark_processing_done = mark_processing_start(); - changed_stats, stats_extra = {}, {}; - for stat_name, getter in pairs(stats.get_stats()) do - -- luacheck: ignore 211/type - local type, value, extra = getter(); - local old_value = latest_stats[stat_name]; - latest_stats[stat_name] = value; - if value ~= old_value then - changed_stats[stat_name] = value; - end - if extra then - stats_extra[stat_name] = extra; - end - end - fire_event("stats-updated", { stats = latest_stats, changed_stats = changed_stats, stats_extra = stats_extra }); + local metric_registry = stats.metric_registry; + fire_event("openmetrics-updated", { metric_registry = metric_registry }) mark_processing_done(); + manual_result = metric_registry; end - return stats_interval; + + return stats_interval, manual_result; end if stats_interval then log("debug", "Statistics enabled using %s provider, collecting every %d seconds", stats_provider_name, stats_interval); @@ -112,6 +244,22 @@ if stats then else log("debug", "Statistics disabled"); function measure() return measure; end + + local dummy_mt = {} + function dummy_mt.__newindex() + end + function dummy_mt:__index() + return self + end + function dummy_mt:__call() + return self + end + local dummy = {} + setmetatable(dummy, dummy_mt) + + function metric() return dummy; end + function cork() end + function uncork() end end local exported_collect = nil; @@ -122,10 +270,10 @@ end return { collect = exported_collect; measure = measure; - get_stats = function () - return latest_stats, changed_stats, stats_extra; - end; - get = function (name) - return latest_stats[name], stats_extra[name]; + cork = cork; + uncork = uncork; + metric = metric; + get_metric_registry = function () + return stats and stats.metric_registry or nil end; }; diff --git a/plugins/mod_admin_shell.lua b/plugins/mod_admin_shell.lua index 7c2003e0..2e24bdf2 100644 --- a/plugins/mod_admin_shell.lua +++ b/plugins/mod_admin_shell.lua @@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ local serialization = require "util.serialization"; local serialize_config = serialization.new ({ fatal = false, unquoted = true}); local time = require "util.time"; +local t_insert = table.insert; +local t_concat = table.concat; + local format_number = require "util.human.units".format; local format_table = require "util.human.io".table; @@ -1342,187 +1345,112 @@ local short_units = { bytes = "B", }; -local function format_stat(type, unit, value, ref_value) - ref_value = ref_value or value; - --do return tostring(value) end - if not unit then - if type == "duration" then - unit = "seconds" - elseif type == "size" then - unit = "bytes"; - elseif type == "rate" then - unit = " events/sec" - if ref_value < 0.9 then - unit = "events/min" - value = value*60; - if ref_value < 0.6/60 then - unit = "events/h" - value = value*60; - end +local stats_methods = {}; + +function stats_methods:render_single_fancy_histogram_ex(print, prefix, metric_family, metric, cumulative) + local creation_timestamp, sum, count + local buckets = {} + local prev_bucket_count = 0 + for suffix, extra_labels, value in metric:iter_samples() do + if suffix == "_created" then + creation_timestamp = value + elseif suffix == "_sum" then + sum = value + elseif suffix == "_count" then + count = value + else + local bucket_threshold = extra_labels["le"] + local bucket_count + if cumulative then + bucket_count = value + else + bucket_count = value - prev_bucket_count + prev_bucket_count = value + end + if bucket_threshold == "+Inf" then + t_insert(buckets, {threshold = 1/0, count = bucket_count}) + elseif bucket_threshold ~= nil then + t_insert(buckets, {threshold = tonumber(bucket_threshold), count = bucket_count}) end - return ("%.3g %s"):format(value, unit); end end - return format_number(value, short_units[unit] or unit or "", unit == "bytes" and 'b' or nil); -end -local stats_methods = {}; -function stats_methods:bounds(_lower, _upper) - for _, stat_info in ipairs(self) do - local data = stat_info[4]; - if data then - local lower = _lower or data.min; - local upper = _upper or data.max; - local new_data = { - min = lower; - max = upper; - samples = {}; - sample_count = 0; - count = data.count; - units = data.units; - }; - local sum = 0; - for _, v in ipairs(data.samples) do - if v > upper then - break; - elseif v>=lower then - table.insert(new_data.samples, v); - sum = sum + v; - end - end - new_data.sample_count = #new_data.samples; - stat_info[4] = new_data; - stat_info[3] = sum/new_data.sample_count; + if #buckets == 0 or not creation_timestamp or not sum or not count then + print("[no data or not a histogram]") + return false + end + + local graph_width, graph_height, wscale = #buckets, 10, 1; + if graph_width < 8 then + wscale = 8 + elseif graph_width < 16 then + wscale = 4 + elseif graph_width < 32 then + wscale = 2 + end + local eighth_chars = " ▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█"; + + local max_bin_samples = 0 + for _, bucket in ipairs(buckets) do + if bucket.count > max_bin_samples then + max_bin_samples = bucket.count end end - return self; -end -function stats_methods:trim(lower, upper) - upper = upper or (100-lower); - local statistics = require "util.statistics"; - for _, stat_info in ipairs(self) do - -- Strip outliers - local data = stat_info[4]; - if data then - local new_data = { - min = statistics.get_percentile(data, lower); - max = statistics.get_percentile(data, upper); - samples = {}; - sample_count = 0; - count = data.count; - units = data.units; - }; - local sum = 0; - for _, v in ipairs(data.samples) do - if v > new_data.max then - break; - elseif v>=new_data.min then - table.insert(new_data.samples, v); - sum = sum + v; - end + print(""); + print(prefix) + print(("_"):rep(graph_width*wscale).." "..max_bin_samples); + for row = graph_height, 1, -1 do + local row_chars = {}; + local min_eighths, max_eighths = 8, 0; + for i = 1, #buckets do + local char_eighths = math.ceil(math.max(math.min((graph_height/(max_bin_samples/buckets[i].count))-(row-1), 1), 0)*8); + if char_eighths < min_eighths then + min_eighths = char_eighths; + end + if char_eighths > max_eighths then + max_eighths = char_eighths; + end + if char_eighths == 0 then + row_chars[i] = ("-"):rep(wscale); + else + local char = eighth_chars:sub(char_eighths*3+1, char_eighths*3+3); + row_chars[i] = char:rep(wscale); end - new_data.sample_count = #new_data.samples; - stat_info[4] = new_data; - stat_info[3] = sum/new_data.sample_count; end + print(table.concat(row_chars).."|- "..string.format("%.8g", math.ceil((max_bin_samples/graph_height)*(row-0.5)))); end - return self; -end -function stats_methods:max(upper) - return self:bounds(nil, upper); + local legend_pat = string.format("%%%d.%dg", wscale-1, wscale-1) + local row = {} + for i = 1, #buckets do + local threshold = buckets[i].threshold + t_insert(row, legend_pat:format(threshold)) + end + t_insert(row, " " .. metric_family.unit) + print(t_concat(row, "/")) + + return true end -function stats_methods:min(lower) - return self:bounds(lower, nil); +function stats_methods:render_single_fancy_histogram(print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + return self:render_single_fancy_histogram_ex(print, prefix, metric_family, metric, false) end -function stats_methods:summary() - local statistics = require "util.statistics"; - for _, stat_info in ipairs(self) do - local type, value, data = stat_info[2], stat_info[3], stat_info[4]; - if data and data.samples then - table.insert(stat_info.output, string.format("Count: %d (%d captured)", - data.count, - data.sample_count - )); - table.insert(stat_info.output, string.format("Min: %s Mean: %s Max: %s", - format_stat(type, data.units, data.min), - format_stat(type, data.units, value), - format_stat(type, data.units, data.max) - )); - table.insert(stat_info.output, string.format("Q1: %s Median: %s Q3: %s", - format_stat(type, data.units, statistics.get_percentile(data, 25)), - format_stat(type, data.units, statistics.get_percentile(data, 50)), - format_stat(type, data.units, statistics.get_percentile(data, 75)) - )); - end - end - return self; +function stats_methods:render_single_fancy_histogram_cf(print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + -- cf = cumulative frequency + return self:render_single_fancy_histogram_ex(print, prefix, metric_family, metric, true) end function stats_methods:cfgraph() for _, stat_info in ipairs(self) do - local name, type, value, data = unpack(stat_info, 1, 4); -- luacheck: ignore 211 + local family_name, metric_family = unpack(stat_info, 1, 2) local function print(s) table.insert(stat_info.output, s); end - if data and data.sample_count and data.sample_count > 0 then - local raw_histogram = require "util.statistics".get_histogram(data); - - local graph_width, graph_height = 50, 10; - local eighth_chars = " ▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█"; - - local range = data.max - data.min; - - if range > 0 then - local x_scaling = #raw_histogram/graph_width; - local histogram = {}; - for i = 1, graph_width do - histogram[i] = math.max(raw_histogram[i*x_scaling-1] or 0, raw_histogram[i*x_scaling] or 0); - end - - print(""); - print(("_"):rep(52)..format_stat(type, data.units, data.max)); - for row = graph_height, 1, -1 do - local row_chars = {}; - local min_eighths, max_eighths = 8, 0; - for i = 1, #histogram do - local char_eighths = math.ceil(math.max(math.min((graph_height/(data.max/histogram[i]))-(row-1), 1), 0)*8); - if char_eighths < min_eighths then - min_eighths = char_eighths; - end - if char_eighths > max_eighths then - max_eighths = char_eighths; - end - if char_eighths == 0 then - row_chars[i] = "-"; - else - local char = eighth_chars:sub(char_eighths*3+1, char_eighths*3+3); - row_chars[i] = char; - end - end - print(table.concat(row_chars).."|-"..format_stat(type, data.units, data.max/(graph_height/(row-0.5)))); - end - print(("\\ "):rep(11)); - local x_labels = {}; - for i = 1, 11 do - local s = ("%-4s"):format((i-1)*10); - if #s > 4 then - s = s:sub(1, 3).."…"; - end - x_labels[i] = s; - end - print(" "..table.concat(x_labels, " ")); - local units = "%"; - local margin = math.floor((graph_width-#units)/2); - print((" "):rep(margin)..units); - else - print("[range too small to graph]"); - end - print(""); + if not self:render_family(print, family_name, metric_family, self.render_single_fancy_histogram_cf) then + return self end end return self; @@ -1530,81 +1458,90 @@ end function stats_methods:histogram() for _, stat_info in ipairs(self) do - local name, type, value, data = unpack(stat_info, 1, 4); -- luacheck: ignore 211 + local family_name, metric_family = unpack(stat_info, 1, 2) local function print(s) table.insert(stat_info.output, s); end - if not data then - print("[no data]"); - return self; - elseif not data.sample_count then - print("[not a sampled metric type]"); - return self; + if not self:render_family(print, family_name, metric_family, self.render_single_fancy_histogram) then + return self end + end + return self; +end - local graph_width, graph_height = 50, 10; - local eighth_chars = " ▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█"; - - local range = data.max - data.min; +function stats_methods:render_single_counter(print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + local created_timestamp, current_value + for suffix, _, value in metric:iter_samples() do + if suffix == "_created" then + created_timestamp = value + elseif suffix == "_total" then + current_value = value + end + end + if current_value and created_timestamp then + local base_unit = short_units[metric_family.unit] or metric_family.unit + local unit = base_unit .. "/s" + local factor = 1 + if base_unit == "s" then + -- be smart! + unit = "%" + factor = 100 + elseif base_unit == "" then + unit = "events/s" + end + print(("%-50s %s"):format(prefix, format_number(factor * current_value / (self.now - created_timestamp), unit.." [avg]"))); + end +end - if range > 0 then - local n_buckets = graph_width; +function stats_methods:render_single_gauge(print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + local current_value + for _, _, value in metric:iter_samples() do + current_value = value + end + if current_value then + local unit = short_units[metric_family.unit] or metric_family.unit + print(("%-50s %s"):format(prefix, format_number(current_value, unit))); + end +end - local histogram = {}; - for i = 1, n_buckets do - histogram[i] = 0; - end - local max_bin_samples = 0; - for _, d in ipairs(data.samples) do - local bucket = math.floor(1+(n_buckets-1)/(range/(d-data.min))); - histogram[bucket] = histogram[bucket] + 1; - if histogram[bucket] > max_bin_samples then - max_bin_samples = histogram[bucket]; - end - end +function stats_methods:render_single_summary(print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + local sum, count + for suffix, _, value in metric:iter_samples() do + if suffix == "_sum" then + sum = value + elseif suffix == "_count" then + count = value + end + end + if sum and count then + local unit = short_units[metric_family.unit] or metric_family.unit + if count == 0 then + print(("%-50s %s"):format(prefix, "no obs.")); + else + print(("%-50s %s"):format(prefix, format_number(sum / count, unit.."/event [avg]"))); + end + end +end - print(""); - print(("_"):rep(52)..max_bin_samples); - for row = graph_height, 1, -1 do - local row_chars = {}; - local min_eighths, max_eighths = 8, 0; - for i = 1, #histogram do - local char_eighths = math.ceil(math.max(math.min((graph_height/(max_bin_samples/histogram[i]))-(row-1), 1), 0)*8); - if char_eighths < min_eighths then - min_eighths = char_eighths; - end - if char_eighths > max_eighths then - max_eighths = char_eighths; - end - if char_eighths == 0 then - row_chars[i] = "-"; - else - local char = eighth_chars:sub(char_eighths*3+1, char_eighths*3+3); - row_chars[i] = char; - end - end - print(table.concat(row_chars).."|-"..math.ceil((max_bin_samples/graph_height)*(row-0.5))); - end - print(("\\ "):rep(11)); - local x_labels = {}; - for i = 1, 11 do - local s = ("%-4s"):format(format_stat(type, data.units, data.min+range*i/11, data.min):match("^%S+")); - if #s > 4 then - s = s:sub(1, 3).."…"; - end - x_labels[i] = s; +function stats_methods:render_family(print, family_name, metric_family, render_func) + local labelkeys = metric_family.label_keys + if #labelkeys > 0 then + print(family_name) + for labelset, metric in metric_family:iter_metrics() do + local labels = {} + for i, k in ipairs(labelkeys) do + local v = labelset[i] + t_insert(labels, ("%s=%s"):format(k, v)) end - print(" "..table.concat(x_labels, " ")); - local units = format_stat(type, data.units, data.min):match("%s+(.+)$") or data.units or ""; - local margin = math.floor((graph_width-#units)/2); - print((" "):rep(margin)..units); - else - print("[range too small to graph]"); + local prefix = " "..t_concat(labels, " ") + render_func(self, print, prefix, metric_family, metric) + end + else + for _, metric in metric_family:iter_metrics() do + render_func(self, print, family_name, metric_family, metric) end - print(""); end - return self; end local function stats_tostring(stats) @@ -1618,7 +1555,14 @@ local function stats_tostring(stats) end print(""); else - print(("%-50s %s"):format(stat_info[1], format_stat(stat_info[2], (stat_info[4] or {}).units, stat_info[3]))); + local metric_family = stat_info[2] + if metric_family.type_ == "counter" then + stats:render_family(print, stat_info[1], metric_family, stats.render_single_counter) + elseif metric_family.type_ == "gauge" or metric_family.type_ == "unknown" then + stats:render_family(print, stat_info[1], metric_family, stats.render_single_gauge) + elseif metric_family.type_ == "summary" or metric_family.type_ == "histogram" then + stats:render_family(print, stat_info[1], metric_family, stats.render_single_summary) + end end end return #stats.." statistics displayed"; @@ -1626,23 +1570,29 @@ end local stats_mt = {__index = stats_methods, __tostring = stats_tostring } local function new_stats_context(self) - return setmetatable({ session = self.session, stats = true }, stats_mt); + -- TODO: instead of now(), it might be better to take the time of the last + -- interval, if the statistics backend is set to use periodic collection + -- Otherwise we get strange stuff like average cpu usage decreasing until + -- the next sample and so on. + return setmetatable({ session = self.session, stats = true, now = time.now() }, stats_mt); end -function def_env.stats:show(filter) - -- luacheck: ignore 211/changed - local stats, changed, extra = require "core.statsmanager".get_stats(); - local available, displayed = 0, 0; +function def_env.stats:show(name_filter) + local statsman = require "core.statsmanager" + local collect = statsman.collect + if collect then + -- force collection if in manual mode + collect() + end + local metric_registry = statsman.get_metric_registry(); local displayed_stats = new_stats_context(self); - for name, value in iterators.sorted_pairs(stats) do - available = available + 1; - if not filter or name:match(filter) then - displayed = displayed + 1; - local type = name:match(":(%a+)$"); + for family_name, metric_family in iterators.sorted_pairs(metric_registry:get_metric_families()) do + if not name_filter or family_name:match(name_filter) then table.insert(displayed_stats, { - name, type, value, extra[name]; - output = {}; - }); + family_name, + metric_family, + output = {} + }) end end return displayed_stats; diff --git a/util/openmetrics.lua b/util/openmetrics.lua new file mode 100644 index 00000000..299b36c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/util/openmetrics.lua @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ +--[[ +This module implements a subset of the OpenMetrics Internet Draft version 00. + +URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-richih-opsawg-openmetrics-00 + +The following metric types are supported: + +- Counter +- Gauge +- Histogram +- Summary + +It is used by util.statsd and util.statistics to provite the OpenMetrics API. + +To understand what this module is about, it is useful to familiarize oneself +with the terms MetricFamily, Metric, LabelSet, Label and MetricPoint as +defined in the I-D linked above. +--]] +-- metric constructor interface: +-- metric_ctor(..., family_name, labels, extra) + +local time = require "util.time".now; +local select = select; +local array = require "util.array"; +local log = require "util.logger".init("util.openmetrics"); +local new_multitable = require "util.multitable".new; +local iter_multitable = require "util.multitable".iter; + +-- BEGIN of Utility: "metric proxy" +-- This allows to wrap a MetricFamily in a proxy which only provides the +-- `with_labels` and `with_partial_label` methods. This allows to pre-set one +-- or more labels on a metric family. This is used in particular via +-- `with_partial_label` by the moduleapi in order to pre-set the `host` label +-- on metrics created in non-global modules. +local metric_proxy_mt = {} +metric_proxy_mt.__index = metric_proxy_mt + +local function new_metric_proxy(metric_family, with_labels_proxy_fun) + return { + _family = metric_family, + with_labels = function(self, ...) + return with_labels_proxy_fun(self._family, ...) + end; + with_partial_label = function(self, label) + return new_metric_proxy(self._family, function(family, ...) + return family:with_labels(label, ...) + end) + end + } +end + +-- END of Utility: "metric proxy" + +local function render_histogram_le(v) + if v == 1/0 then + -- I-D-00: 4.1.2.2.1: + -- Exposers MUST produce output for positive infinity as +Inf. + return "+Inf" + end + + return string.format("%g", v) +end + +-- BEGIN of generic MetricFamily implementation + +local metric_family_mt = {} +metric_family_mt.__index = metric_family_mt + +local function histogram_metric_ctor(orig_ctor, buckets) + return function(family_name, labels, extra) + return orig_ctor(buckets, family_name, labels, extra) + end +end + +local function new_metric_family(backend, type_, family_name, unit, description, label_keys, extra) + local metric_ctor = assert(backend[type_], "statistics backend does not support "..type_.." metrics families") + local labels = label_keys or {} + local user_labels = #labels + if type_ == "histogram" then + local buckets = extra and extra.buckets + if not buckets then + error("no buckets given for histogram metric") + end + buckets = array(buckets) + buckets:push(1/0) -- must have +inf bucket + + metric_ctor = histogram_metric_ctor(metric_ctor, buckets) + end + + local data + if #labels == 0 then + data = metric_ctor(family_name, nil, extra) + else + data = new_multitable() + end + + local mf = { + family_name = family_name, + data = data, + type_ = type_, + unit = unit, + description = description, + user_labels = user_labels, + label_keys = labels, + extra = extra, + _metric_ctor = metric_ctor, + } + setmetatable(mf, metric_family_mt); + return mf +end + +function metric_family_mt:new_metric(labels) + return self._metric_ctor(self.family_name, labels, self.extra) +end + +function metric_family_mt:clear() + for _, metric in self:iter_metrics() do + metric:reset() + end +end + +function metric_family_mt:with_labels(...) + local count = select('#', ...) + if count ~= self.user_labels then + error("number of labels passed to with_labels does not match number of label keys") + end + if count == 0 then + return self.data + end + local metric = self.data:get(...) + if not metric then + local values = table.pack(...) + metric = self:new_metric(values) + values[values.n+1] = metric + self.data:set(table.unpack(values, 1, values.n+1)) + end + return metric +end + +function metric_family_mt:with_partial_label(label) + return new_metric_proxy(self, function (family, ...) + return family:with_labels(label, ...) + end) +end + +function metric_family_mt:iter_metrics() + if #self.label_keys == 0 then + local done = false + return function() + if done then + return nil + end + done = true + return {}, self.data + end + end + local searchkeys = {}; + local nlabels = #self.label_keys + for i=1,nlabels do + searchkeys[i] = nil; + end + local it, state = iter_multitable(self.data, table.unpack(searchkeys, 1, nlabels)) + return function(_s) + local label_values = table.pack(it(_s)) + if label_values.n == 0 then + return nil, nil + end + local metric = label_values[label_values.n] + label_values[label_values.n] = nil + label_values.n = label_values.n - 1 + return label_values, metric + end, state +end + +-- END of generic MetricFamily implementation + +-- BEGIN of MetricRegistry implementation + + +-- Helper to test whether two metrics are "equal". +local function equal_metric_family(mf1, mf2) + if mf1.type_ ~= mf2.type_ then + return false + end + if #mf1.label_keys ~= #mf2.label_keys then + return false + end + -- Ignoring unit here because in general it'll be part of the name anyway + -- So either the unit was moved into/out of the name (which is a valid) + -- thing to do on an upgrade or we would expect not to see any conflicts + -- anyway. + --[[ + if mf1.unit ~= mf2.unit then + return false + end + ]] + for i, key in ipairs(mf1.label_keys) do + if key ~= mf2.label_keys[i] then + return false + end + end + return true +end + +-- If the unit is not empty, add it to the full name as per the I-D spec. +local function compose_name(name, unit) + local full_name = name + if unit and unit ~= "" then + full_name = full_name .. "_" .. unit + end + -- TODO: prohibit certain suffixes used by metrics if where they may cause + -- conflicts + return full_name +end + +local metric_registry_mt = {} +metric_registry_mt.__index = metric_registry_mt + +local function new_metric_registry(backend) + local reg = { + families = {}, + backend = backend, + } + setmetatable(reg, metric_registry_mt) + return reg +end + +function metric_registry_mt:register_metric_family(name, metric_family) + local existing = self.families[name]; + if existing then + if not equal_metric_family(metric_family, existing) then + -- We could either be strict about this, or replace the + -- existing metric family with the new one. + -- Being strict is nice to avoid programming errors / + -- conflicts, but causes issues when a new version of a module + -- is loaded. + -- + -- We will thus assume that the new metric is the correct one; + -- That is probably OK because unless you're reaching down into + -- the util.openmetrics or core.statsmanager API, your metric + -- name is going to be scoped to `prosody_mod_$modulename` + -- anyway and the damage is thus controlled. + -- + -- To make debugging such issues easier, we still log. + log("debug", "replacing incompatible existing metric family %s", name) + -- Below is the code to be strict. + --error("conflicting declarations for metric family "..name) + else + return existing + end + end + self.families[name] = metric_family + return metric_family +end + +function metric_registry_mt:gauge(name, unit, description, labels, extra) + name = compose_name(name, unit) + local mf = new_metric_family(self.backend, "gauge", name, unit, description, labels, extra) + mf = self:register_metric_family(name, mf) + return mf +end + +function metric_registry_mt:counter(name, unit, description, labels, extra) + name = compose_name(name, unit) + local mf = new_metric_family(self.backend, "counter", name, unit, description, labels, extra) + mf = self:register_metric_family(name, mf) + return mf +end + +function metric_registry_mt:histogram(name, unit, description, labels, extra) + name = compose_name(name, unit) + local mf = new_metric_family(self.backend, "histogram", name, unit, description, labels, extra) + mf = self:register_metric_family(name, mf) + return mf +end + +function metric_registry_mt:summary(name, unit, description, labels, extra) + name = compose_name(name, unit) + local mf = new_metric_family(self.backend, "summary", name, unit, description, labels, extra) + mf = self:register_metric_family(name, mf) + return mf +end + +function metric_registry_mt:get_metric_families() + return self.families +end + +-- END of MetricRegistry implementation + +-- BEGIN of general helpers for implementing high-level APIs on top of OpenMetrics + +local function timed(metric) + local t0 = time() + local submitter = assert(metric.sample or metric.set, "metric type cannot be used with timed()") + return function() + local t1 = time() + submitter(metric, t1-t0) + end +end + +-- END of general helpers + +return { + new_metric_proxy = new_metric_proxy; + new_metric_registry = new_metric_registry; + render_histogram_le = render_histogram_le; + timed = timed; +} diff --git a/util/statistics.lua b/util/statistics.lua index db608217..a8401168 100644 --- a/util/statistics.lua +++ b/util/statistics.lua @@ -1,171 +1,191 @@ -local t_sort = table.sort -local m_floor = math.floor; local time = require "util.time".now; +local new_metric_registry = require "util.openmetrics".new_metric_registry; +local render_histogram_le = require "util.openmetrics".render_histogram_le; -local function nop_function() end +-- BEGIN of Metric implementations -local function percentile(arr, length, pc) - local n = pc/100 * (length + 1); - local k, d = m_floor(n), n%1; - if k == 0 then - return arr[1] or 0; - elseif k >= length then - return arr[length]; - end - return arr[k] + d*(arr[k+1] - arr[k]); +-- Gauges +local gauge_metric_mt = {} +gauge_metric_mt.__index = gauge_metric_mt + +local function new_gauge_metric() + local metric = { value = 0 } + setmetatable(metric, gauge_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function gauge_metric_mt:set(value) + self.value = value +end + +function gauge_metric_mt:add(delta) + self.value = self.value + delta end -local function new_registry(config) - config = config or {}; - local duration_sample_interval = config.duration_sample_interval or 5; - local duration_max_samples = config.duration_max_stored_samples or 5000; +function gauge_metric_mt:reset() + self.value = 0 +end - local function get_distribution_stats(events, n_actual_events, since, new_time, units) - local n_stored_events = #events; - t_sort(events); - local sum = 0; - for i = 1, n_stored_events do - sum = sum + events[i]; +function gauge_metric_mt:iter_samples() + local done = false + return function(_s) + if done then + return nil, true end + done = true + return "", nil, _s.value + end, self +end - return { - samples = events; - sample_count = n_stored_events; - count = n_actual_events, - rate = n_actual_events/(new_time-since); - average = n_stored_events > 0 and sum/n_stored_events or 0, - min = events[1] or 0, - max = events[n_stored_events] or 0, - units = units, - }; - end +-- Counters +local counter_metric_mt = {} +counter_metric_mt.__index = counter_metric_mt + +local function new_counter_metric() + local metric = { + _created = time(), + value = 0, + } + setmetatable(metric, counter_metric_mt) + return metric +end +function counter_metric_mt:set(value) + self.value = value +end - local registry = {}; - local methods; - methods = { - amount = function (name, conf) - local v = conf and conf.initial or 0; - registry[name..":amount"] = function () - return "amount", v, conf; - end - return function (new_v) v = new_v; end - end; - counter = function (name, conf) - local v = conf and conf.initial or 0; - registry[name..":amount"] = function () - return "amount", v, conf; - end - return function (delta) - v = v + delta; - end; - end; - rate = function (name, conf) - local since, n, total = time(), 0, 0; - registry[name..":rate"] = function () - total = total + n; - local t = time(); - local stats = { - rate = n/(t-since); - count = n; - total = total; - units = conf and conf.units; - type = conf and conf.type; - }; - since, n = t, 0; - return "rate", stats.rate, stats; - end; - return function () - n = n + 1; - end; - end; - distribution = function (name, conf) - local units = conf and conf.units; - local type = conf and conf.type or "distribution"; - local events, last_event = {}, 0; - local n_actual_events = 0; - local since = time(); - - registry[name..":"..type] = function () - local new_time = time(); - local stats = get_distribution_stats(events, n_actual_events, since, new_time, units); - events, last_event = {}, 0; - n_actual_events = 0; - since = new_time; - return type, stats.average, stats; - end; - - return function (value) - n_actual_events = n_actual_events + 1; - if n_actual_events%duration_sample_interval == 1 then - last_event = (last_event%duration_max_samples) + 1; - events[last_event] = value; - end - end; - end; - sizes = function (name, conf) - conf = conf or { units = "bytes", type = "size" } - return methods.distribution(name, conf); - end; - times = function (name, conf) - local units = conf and conf.units or "seconds"; - local events, last_event = {}, 0; - local n_actual_events = 0; - local since = time(); - - registry[name..":duration"] = function () - local new_time = time(); - local stats = get_distribution_stats(events, n_actual_events, since, new_time, units); - events, last_event = {}, 0; - n_actual_events = 0; - since = new_time; - return "duration", stats.average, stats; - end; - - return function () - n_actual_events = n_actual_events + 1; - if n_actual_events%duration_sample_interval ~= 1 then - return nop_function; - end - - local start_time = time(); - return function () - local end_time = time(); - local duration = end_time - start_time; - last_event = (last_event%duration_max_samples) + 1; - events[last_event] = duration; - end - end; - end; - - get_stats = function () - return registry; - end; - }; - return methods; +function counter_metric_mt:add(value) + self.value = (self.value or 0) + value end -return { - new = new_registry; - get_histogram = function (duration, n_buckets) - n_buckets = n_buckets or 100; - local events, n_events = duration.samples, duration.sample_count; - if not (events and n_events) then - return nil, "not a valid distribution stat"; +function counter_metric_mt:iter_samples() + local step = 0 + return function(_s) + step = step + 1 + if step == 1 then + return "_created", nil, _s._created + elseif step == 2 then + return "_total", nil, _s.value + else + return nil, nil, true + end + end, self +end + +function counter_metric_mt:reset() + self.value = 0 +end + +-- Histograms +local histogram_metric_mt = {} +histogram_metric_mt.__index = histogram_metric_mt + +local function new_histogram_metric(buckets) + local metric = { + _created = time(), + _sum = 0, + _count = 0, + } + -- the order of buckets matters unfortunately, so we cannot directly use + -- the thresholds as table keys + for i, threshold in ipairs(buckets) do + metric[i] = { + threshold = threshold, + threshold_s = render_histogram_le(threshold), + count = 0 + } + end + setmetatable(metric, histogram_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function histogram_metric_mt:sample(value) + -- According to the I-D, values must be part of all buckets + for i, bucket in pairs(self) do + if "number" == type(i) and bucket.threshold > value then + bucket.count = bucket.count + 1 end - local histogram = {}; + end + self._sum = self._sum + value + self._count = self._count + 1 +end - for i = 1, 100, 100/n_buckets do - histogram[i] = percentile(events, n_events, i); +function histogram_metric_mt:iter_samples() + local key = nil + return function (_s) + local data + key, data = next(_s, key) + if key == "_created" or key == "_sum" or key == "_count" then + return key, nil, data + elseif key ~= nil then + return "_bucket", {["le"] = data.threshold_s}, data.count + else + return nil, nil, nil end - return histogram; - end; + end, self +end - get_percentile = function (duration, pc) - local events, n_events = duration.samples, duration.sample_count; - if not (events and n_events) then - return nil, "not a valid distribution stat"; +function histogram_metric_mt:reset() + self._created = time() + self._count = 0 + self._sum = 0 + for i, bucket in pairs(self) do + if "number" == type(i) then + bucket.count = 0 end - return percentile(events, n_events, pc); - end; + end +end + +-- Summary +local summary_metric_mt = {} +summary_metric_mt.__index = summary_metric_mt + +local function new_summary_metric() + -- quantiles are not supported yet + local metric = { + _created = time(), + _sum = 0, + _count = 0, + } + setmetatable(metric, summary_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function summary_metric_mt:sample(value) + self._sum = self._sum + value + self._count = self._count + 1 +end + +function summary_metric_mt:iter_samples() + local key = nil + return function (_s) + local data + key, data = next(_s, key) + return key, nil, data + end, self +end + +function summary_metric_mt:reset() + self._created = time() + self._count = 0 + self._sum = 0 +end + +local pull_backend = { + gauge = new_gauge_metric, + counter = new_counter_metric, + histogram = new_histogram_metric, + summary = new_summary_metric, +} + +-- END of Metric implementations + +local function new() + return { + metric_registry = new_metric_registry(pull_backend), + } +end + +return { + new = new; } diff --git a/util/statsd.lua b/util/statsd.lua index 8f6151c6..25e03e38 100644 --- a/util/statsd.lua +++ b/util/statsd.lua @@ -1,82 +1,267 @@ local socket = require "socket"; +local time = require "util.time".now; +local array = require "util.array"; +local t_concat = table.concat; -local time = require "util.time".now +local new_metric_registry = require "util.openmetrics".new_metric_registry; +local render_histogram_le = require "util.openmetrics".render_histogram_le; -local function new(config) - if not config or not config.statsd_server then - return nil, "No statsd server specified in the config, please see https://prosody.im/doc/statistics"; +-- BEGIN of Metric implementations + +-- Gauges +local gauge_metric_mt = {} +gauge_metric_mt.__index = gauge_metric_mt + +local function new_gauge_metric(full_name, impl) + local metric = { + _full_name = full_name; + _impl = impl; + value = 0; + } + setmetatable(metric, gauge_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function gauge_metric_mt:set(value) + self.value = value + self._impl:push_gauge(self._full_name, value) +end + +function gauge_metric_mt:add(delta) + self.value = self.value + delta + self._impl:push_gauge(self._full_name, self.value) +end + +function gauge_metric_mt:reset() + self.value = 0 + self._impl:push_gauge(self._full_name, 0) +end + +function gauge_metric_mt.iter_samples() + -- statsd backend does not support iteration. + return function() + return nil end +end - local sock = socket.udp(); - sock:setpeername(config.statsd_server, config.statsd_port or 8125); +-- Counters +local counter_metric_mt = {} +counter_metric_mt.__index = counter_metric_mt - local prefix = (config.prefix or "prosody").."."; +local function new_counter_metric(full_name, impl) + local metric = { + _full_name = full_name, + _impl = impl, + value = 0, + } + setmetatable(metric, counter_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function counter_metric_mt:set(value) + local delta = value - self.value + self.value = value + self._impl:push_counter_delta(self._full_name, delta) +end - local function send_metric(s) - return sock:send(prefix..s); +function counter_metric_mt:add(value) + self.value = (self.value or 0) + value + self._impl:push_counter_delta(self._full_name, value) +end + +function counter_metric_mt.iter_samples() + -- statsd backend does not support iteration. + return function() + return nil + end +end + +function counter_metric_mt:reset() + self.value = 0 +end + +-- Histograms +local histogram_metric_mt = {} +histogram_metric_mt.__index = histogram_metric_mt + +local function new_histogram_metric(buckets, full_name, impl) + -- NOTE: even though the more or less proprietrary dogstatsd has its own + -- histogram implementation, we push the individual buckets in this statsd + -- backend for both consistency and compatibility across statsd + -- implementations. + local metric = { + _sum_name = full_name..".sum", + _count_name = full_name..".count", + _impl = impl, + _created = time(), + _sum = 0, + _count = 0, + } + -- the order of buckets matters unfortunately, so we cannot directly use + -- the thresholds as table keys + for i, threshold in ipairs(buckets) do + local threshold_s = render_histogram_le(threshold) + metric[i] = { + threshold = threshold, + threshold_s = threshold_s, + count = 0, + _full_name = full_name..".bucket."..(threshold_s:gsub("%.", "_")), + } end + setmetatable(metric, histogram_metric_mt) + return metric +end - local function send_gauge(name, amount, relative) - local s_amount = tostring(amount); - if relative and amount > 0 then - s_amount = "+"..s_amount; +function histogram_metric_mt:sample(value) + -- According to the I-D, values must be part of all buckets + for i, bucket in pairs(self) do + if "number" == type(i) and bucket.threshold > value then + bucket.count = bucket.count + 1 + self._impl:push_counter_delta(bucket._full_name, 1) end - return send_metric(name..":"..s_amount.."|g"); end + self._sum = self._sum + value + self._count = self._count + 1 + self._impl:push_gauge(self._sum_name, self._sum) + self._impl:push_counter_delta(self._count_name, 1) +end - local function send_counter(name, amount) - return send_metric(name..":"..tostring(amount).."|c"); +function histogram_metric_mt.iter_samples() + -- statsd backend does not support iteration. + return function() + return nil end +end - local function send_duration(name, duration) - return send_metric(name..":"..tostring(duration).."|ms"); +function histogram_metric_mt:reset() + self._created = time() + self._count = 0 + self._sum = 0 + for i, bucket in pairs(self) do + if "number" == type(i) then + bucket.count = 0 + end end + self._impl:push_gauge(self._sum_name, self._sum) +end + +-- Summaries +local summary_metric_mt = {} +summary_metric_mt.__index = summary_metric_mt + +local function new_summary_metric(full_name, impl) + local metric = { + _sum_name = full_name..".sum", + _count_name = full_name..".count", + _impl = impl, + } + setmetatable(metric, summary_metric_mt) + return metric +end + +function summary_metric_mt:sample(value) + self._impl:push_counter_delta(self._sum_name, value) + self._impl:push_counter_delta(self._count_name, 1) +end - local function send_histogram_sample(name, sample) - return send_metric(name..":"..tostring(sample).."|h"); +function summary_metric_mt.iter_samples() + -- statsd backend does not support iteration. + return function() + return nil end +end - local methods; - methods = { - amount = function (name, conf) - if conf and conf.initial then - send_gauge(name, conf.initial); - end - return function (new_v) send_gauge(name, new_v); end - end; - counter = function (name, conf) --luacheck: ignore 212/conf - return function (delta) - send_gauge(name, delta, true); - end; - end; - rate = function (name) - return function () - send_counter(name, 1); - end; +function summary_metric_mt.reset() +end + +-- BEGIN of statsd client implementation + +local statsd_mt = {} +statsd_mt.__index = statsd_mt + +function statsd_mt:cork() + self.corked = true + self.cork_buffer = self.cork_buffer or {} +end + +function statsd_mt:uncork() + self.corked = false + self:_flush_cork_buffer() +end + +function statsd_mt:_flush_cork_buffer() + local buffer = self.cork_buffer + for metric_name, value in pairs(buffer) do + self:_send_gauge(metric_name, value) + buffer[metric_name] = nil + end +end + +function statsd_mt:push_gauge(metric_name, value) + if self.corked then + self.cork_buffer[metric_name] = value + else + self:_send_gauge(metric_name, value) + end +end + +function statsd_mt:_send_gauge(metric_name, value) + self:_send(self.prefix..metric_name..":"..tostring(value).."|g") +end + +function statsd_mt:push_counter_delta(metric_name, delta) + self:_send(self.prefix..metric_name..":"..tostring(delta).."|c") +end + +function statsd_mt:_send(s) + return self.sock:send(s) +end + +-- END of statsd client implementation + +local function build_metric_name(family_name, labels) + local parts = array { family_name } + if labels then + parts:append(labels) + end + return t_concat(parts, "/"):gsub("%.", "_"):gsub("/", ".") +end + +local function new(config) + if not config or not config.statsd_server then + return nil, "No statsd server specified in the config, please see https://prosody.im/doc/statistics"; + end + + local sock = socket.udp(); + sock:setpeername(config.statsd_server, config.statsd_port or 8125); + + local prefix = (config.prefix or "prosody").."."; + + local impl = { + metric_registry = nil; + sock = sock; + prefix = prefix; + }; + setmetatable(impl, statsd_mt) + + local backend = { + gauge = function(family_name, labels) + return new_gauge_metric(build_metric_name(family_name, labels), impl) end; - distribution = function (name, conf) --luacheck: ignore 212/conf - return function (value) - send_histogram_sample(name, value); - end; + counter = function(family_name, labels) + return new_counter_metric(build_metric_name(family_name, labels), impl) end; - sizes = function (name) - name = name.."_size"; - return function (value) - send_histogram_sample(name, value); - end; + histogram = function(buckets, family_name, labels) + return new_histogram_metric(buckets, build_metric_name(family_name, labels), impl) end; - times = function (name) - return function () - local start_time = time(); - return function () - local end_time = time(); - local duration = end_time - start_time; - send_duration(name, duration*1000); - end - end; + summary = function(family_name, labels, extra) + return new_summary_metric(build_metric_name(family_name, labels), impl, extra) end; }; - return methods; + + impl.metric_registry = new_metric_registry(backend); + + return impl; end return { |